maintained by Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED), EM-DAT contains essential core data on the occurrence and effects of over 18,000 mass disasters in the world from 1900 to present. The database is compiled from various sources, including UN agencies, non-governmental organisations, insurance companies, research institutes and press agencies.

This is a great place to start, for comprehensive information on when disasters occured by particular country/region and what type of disasters.
If you want a list of disasters for a country, choose the country profile option.
If you want to search by type of disaster, to find a list of that type of disaster by region, choose the "Disaster List" option.
You can see total deaths, total affected, and total damage in U.S.$ as well.